Sunday, 15 December 2024

Student Management System in C# and MySQL

Student Management System

Developed using C# and MySQL | Desktop Application

About the Project

The Student Management System is a desktop application developed using C# and MySQL. It enables schools, colleges, or educational institutions to efficiently manage student records, attendance, and academic details. Built on the .NET Framework, it offers robust performance and a user-friendly interface using Visual Studio.

Manage student information (Name, DOB, Contact, etc.)
Attendance and batch management
Search and update student data
Database powered by MySQL for secure and efficient data handling

Key Features

Secure Login

Admin and user-based role access with MySQL integration for secure logins.

Data Management

Manage, update, and delete student records with a simple user interface.

Reports

Generate and print student reports for academics and attendance.

Demo Video

Watch the complete project demo below:

Project Details

Project Name	Student Management System
Technologies	C#, MySQL, .NET Framework
Platform	Desktop Application (Windows)
Price	$20 USD fiverr 20% OFF SMS Fiverr
Contact	bithelperuom@gmail.com

Interested in Buying This Project?

Email us at: bithelperuom@gmail.com

Assignment 2 PHP Answer | source code |UOM

BIT Helper (UOM)

admin.php

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$id = $_POST['id'];

$range_start = $_POST['range_start'];

$range_end = $_POST['range_end'];

$energy_charge = $_POST['energy_charge'];

$fixed_charge = $_POST['fixed_charge'];

$sql = "UPDATE water_bill_units SET range_start='$range_start', range_end='$range_end', energy_charge='$energy_charge', fixed_charge='$fixed_charge' WHERE id='$id'";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "<div class='alert alert-success'>Record updated successfully</div>";

} else {

echo "<div class='alert alert-danger'>Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error . "</div>";

}

$result = $conn->query("SELECT * FROM water_bill_unit");

$conn->close();

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Admin Panel</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

padding-top: 20px;

}

.table th, .table td {

vertical-align: middle;

text-align: center;

}

.form-control {

display: inline-block;

width: auto;

}

.btn-primary {

margin-top: 10px;

}

.card {

margin-top: 20px;

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2 class="text-center">Admin Panel</h2>

<tr>

<th>Range Start</th>

<th>Range End</th>

<th>Energy Charge</th>

<th>Fixed Charge</th>

<th>Action</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<?php while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) { ?>

<tr>

<td>

</form>

</td>

</tr>

<?php } ?>

</tbody>

</table>

<h5 class="card-title">New Admin Registration</h5>

<p class="card-text">Register a new admin for the system.</p>

<button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="location.href='adminregistration.php'">Register</button>

</center>

</div>

</body>

</html>

adminlogin.php

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>ADMIN LOGIN</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

height: 100vh;

margin: 0;

}

.login-container {

background-color: white;

padding: 30px;

border-radius: 10px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

width: 100%;

max-width: 400px;

}

h2 {

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

.input-group {

margin-bottom: 15px;

}

.input-group label {

width: 100%;

}

.input-group input {

width: 100%;

}

button {

width: 100%;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2 class="text-center">Login</h2>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

</div>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

</div>

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Login</button>

</form>

</div>

<div>

<?php

session_start();

// Database configuration

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root"; // Replace with your MySQL username

$password = ""; // Replace with your MySQL password

$dbname = "WaterBills"; // this is your database name

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// Function to check login credentials

function check_login($conn, $username, $password) {

$stmt = $conn->prepare("SELECT password FROM admin WHERE username = ?");

$stmt->bind_param("s", $username);

$stmt->execute();

$stmt->store_result();

$hashed_password = $password;

if ($stmt->num_rows > 0) {

$stmt->bind_result($hashed_password);

$stmt->fetch();

if (password_verify($password, $hashed_password)) {

return true;

}

return false;

}

// Handle login form submission

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$username = $_POST['username'];

$password = $_POST['password'];

// $password = password_hash($_POST['password'], PASSWORD_BCRYPT);

if (check_login($conn, $username, $password)) {

$_SESSION['username'] = $username;

header("Location: admin.php");

exit();

} else {

echo "<div class='alert alert-danger mt-3'>Invalid username or password.</div>";

}

$conn->close();

</div>

</body>

</html>

adminregistration.php

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

if(isset($_POST['submit'])){

$username = $_POST['username'];

$password = password_hash($_POST['password'], PASSWORD_BCRYPT);

$sql = "INSERT INTO admin (username, password) VALUES ('$username', '$password')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

header("Location: adminlogin.php");

} else {

echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;

}

$conn->close();

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Admin Register Form</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

height: 100vh;

margin: 0;

}

.register-container {

background-color: white;

padding: 30px;

border-radius: 10px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

width: 100%;

max-width: 500px;

}

h2 {

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2 class="text-center">Admin Register</h2>

<hr>

<label for="username" class="col-sm-3 col-form-label"><b>Username:</b></label>

</div>

<label for="password" class="col-sm-3 col-form-label"><b>Password:</b></label>

</div>

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary btn-block" name="submit">Register</button>

</form>

</div>

</body>

</html>

dashboard.php

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Dashboard</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

padding-top: 50px;

}

.container {

max-width: 600px;

background-color: white;

padding: 30px;

border-radius: 10px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

h1 {

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

footer {

margin-top: 30px;

}

footer .card {

margin: 10px 0;

padding: 10px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

}

.btn-primary {

width: 100%;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Enter Water Usage</h1>

<label for="month">Month:</label>

</div>

<label for="units">Units:</label>

</div>

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" name="submit">Submit</button>

</form>

</div>

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

session_start();

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST" && isset($_POST['submit'])) {

$customer_id = $_SESSION['customer_id'];

$month = $_POST['month'];

$units = $_POST['units'];

// Calculate Bill

$sql = "SELECT * FROM water_bill_unit ORDER BY range_start ASC";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

$total_energy_charge = 0;

$fixed_charge = 0;

$remaining_units = $units;

while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {

if ($row['range_end'] === NULL || $remaining_units <= ($row['range_end'] - $row['range_start'] + 1)) {

$total_energy_charge += $remaining_units * $row['energy_charge'];

$fixed_charge = $row['fixed_charge'];

break;

} else {

$units_in_range = $row['range_end'] - $row['range_start'] + 1;

$total_energy_charge += $units_in_range * $row['energy_charge'];

$fixed_charge = $row['fixed_charge'];

$remaining_units -= $units_in_range;

}

$total_charge = $total_energy_charge + $fixed_charge;

$vat = $total_charge * 0.18;

$final_bill = $total_charge + $vat;

// Insert water usage and total charge into database

$sql = "INSERT INTO water_usage (customer_id, month, units, total) VALUES ('$customer_id', '$month', '$units', '$final_bill')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

echo "<div class='alert alert-success'>Usage and bill recorded successfully</div>";

} else {

echo "<div class='alert alert-danger'>Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error . "</div>";

}

echo "<div class='alert alert-info'>";

echo "Total Charge: " . $total_charge . " LKR<br>";

echo "VAT (18%): " . $vat . " LKR<br>";

echo "Final Bill: " . $final_bill . " LKR<br>";

echo "</div>";

}

$conn->close();

</div>

<p><b>Water Usage History:</b></p>

<button class="btn btn-secondary" onclick="location.href='history.php'">History</button>

</div>

<button class="btn btn-danger" type="submit">Logout</button>

</form>

</div>

</footer>

</body>

</html>

history.php

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

session_start();

if (!isset($_SESSION['customer_id'])) {

header("Location: login.php");

exit();

}

$customer_id = $_SESSION['customer_id'];

$sql = "SELECT * FROM water_usage WHERE customer_id = ?";

$stmt = $conn->prepare($sql);

$stmt->bind_param("i", $customer_id);

$stmt->execute();

$result = $stmt->get_result();

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Usage History</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

margin: 20px;

}

h1 {

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

table {

width: 80%;

margin: 0 auto;

border-collapse: collapse;

}

th, td {

padding: 10px;

text-align: center;

border: 1px solid #dee2e6;

}

th {

background-color: #007bff;

color: white;

}

tr:nth-child(even) {

background-color: #f2f2f2;

}

.btn-secondary {

margin-top: 20px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h1 class="text-center">Your Water Usage History</h1>

<hr>

<tr>

<th>Month</th>

<th>Units Used</th>

<th>Amount</th>

</tr>

</thead>

<tbody>

<?php while ($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) { ?>

<tr>

</tr>

<?php } ?>

</tbody>

</table>

</form>

</center>

</div>

</body>

</html>

<?php

$stmt->close();

$conn->close();

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>LOGIN</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

height: 100vh;

}

.login-container {

background-color: white;

padding: 30px;

border-radius: 10px;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

width: 300px;

}

h2 {

text-align: center;

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

.input-group {

margin-bottom: 15px;

}

.input-group label {

width: 100%;

margin-bottom: 5px;

}

.btn {

width: 100%;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2>Login</h2>

<label for="username">Username:</label>

</div>

<label for="password">Password:</label>

</div>

<button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Login</button>

</form>

<div>

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

session_start();

if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {

$username = $_POST['username'];

$password = $_POST['password'];

$sql = "SELECT * FROM customers WHERE username='$username'";

$result = $conn->query($sql);

if ($result->num_rows > 0) {

$row = $result->fetch_assoc();

if (password_verify($password, $row['password'])) {

$_SESSION['customer_id'] = $row['id'];

header("Location: dashboard.php");

} else {

echo '<br><div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">Invalid password</div>';

}

} else {

echo '<br><div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">No user found with that username</div>';

}

$conn->close();

</div>

</body>

</html>

logindashboard.php

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Login Dashboard</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

display: flex;

justify-content: center;

align-items: center;

height: 100vh;

}

.row {

width: 80%;

}

.card {

margin-bottom: 20px;

}

.card-body {

text-align: center;

}

#center_button button {

width: 100%;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h5 class="card-title">Admin Panel</h5>

<p class="card-text">Admin only Access - go to login page</p>

<div id="center_button"><button class="btn btn-primary" onclick="location.href='adminlogin.php'">Admin</button></div>

</div>

<h5 class="card-title">Customer Registration</h5>

<p class="card-text">New Registration and login page</p>

<div id="center_button"><button class="btn btn-success" onclick="location.href='registration.php'">Register</button></div><br>

<p class="card-text">Login page</p>

<div id="center_button"><button class="btn btn-secondary" onclick="location.href='login.php'">Login</button></div>

</div>

</body>

</html>

logout.php

<?php

session_start();

session_unset();

session_destroy();

header("Location: login.php");

exit();

registration.php

<?php

$servername = "localhost";

$username = "root";

$password = "";

$dbname = "WaterBills";

// Create connection

$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password, $dbname);

// Check connection

if ($conn->connect_error) {

die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);

}

// if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST")

if(isset($_POST['submit'])){

$name = $_POST['name'];

$address = $_POST['address'];

$email = $_POST['email'];

$water_bill_number = $_POST['water_bill_number'];

$username = $_POST['username'];

$password = password_hash($_POST['password'], PASSWORD_BCRYPT);

$sql = "INSERT INTO customers (name, address, email, water_bill_number, username, password)

VALUES ('$name', '$address', '$email', '$water_bill_number', '$username', '$password')";

if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {

header("Location: login.php");

// echo "New record created successfully";

//echo '<script> location.replace("login.php")</script>';

} else {

echo "Error: " . $sql . "<br>" . $conn->error;

}

$conn->close();

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>Register Form</title>

<style>

body {

background-color: #f8f9fa;

}

.form-container {

margin-top: 50px;

padding: 20px;

background-color: #fff;

box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);

border-radius: 5px;

}

</style>

</head>

<body>

<h2 class="text-center mt-3">Register</h2>

<hr>

</div>

<label for="address"><b>Address:</b></label>

</div>

<label for="email"><b>Email:</b></label>

</div>

<label for="water_bill_number"><b>Water Bill Number:</b></label>

</div>

<label for="username"><b>Username:</b></label>

</div>

<label for="password"><b>Password:</b></label>

</div>

<button type="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-primary">Register</button>

<button type="button" class="btn btn-secondary" onclick="location.href='login.php'">Login</button>

</div>

</form>

</div>

</body>

</html>

Activity 10 PHP

BIT Helper (UOM)

Activity 10

PHP and MYSQL Connect Function

full Explain will be upload in youtube --- waiting uploding

This vdeo is PHP and mysql connect function this activity 10 Demo -- https://youtu.be/gFLswNB46mE?si=2IQrwLQ-yonVBaTm

scores code

Click Download => Link

01.ITE 2132 - Object Oriented Programming 2023S1 [Week 02]

BIT Helper (UOM)

Advantages of Modular Programming in Java

BIT Helper (UOM)

A genuine issue is complicated and huge. On the off chance that a solid arrangement is created it represents these issues :

Challenging to compose, test and execute one major program
Changes after the eventual outcome is conveyed is near unimaginable
Upkeep of program undeniably challenging
One blunder can stop the entire framework

To defeat these issues, the arrangement ought to be partitioned into more modest parts called modules. The strategy of separating one major arrangement into more modest modules for simplicity of advancement, execution, adjustment and support is called particular procedure of programming or programming improvement.

The following are some of the benefits of modular programming:

Facilitates faster development because each module can be developed in parallel
Allows for the reuse of modules
Facilitates faster and more robust testing
Easier debugging and maintenance of the entire program
Modules are smaller and less complex, making them simple to comprehend

Because there isn't one right way to identify software modules, it's a difficult task. Here are a few pointers to recognizing modules −

Assuming information is the main component of the framework, make modules that handle related information.
In the event that help given by the framework is different, separate the framework into utilitarian modules.
When in doubt, separate the framework into legitimate modules according to how you might interpret the framework during prerequisite get-together stage.

For coding, every module must be again separated into more modest modules for simplicity of programming. This should again be possible utilizing the three hints shared above, joined with explicit programming rules. For instance, for an item situated programming language like C++ and Java, each class with its information and techniques could shape a solitary module.

Methods

A Java technique is an assortment of proclamations that are gathered to play out an activity. At the point when you call the System.out.println() technique, for instance, the framework really executes a few assertions to show a message on the control center.

You will now understand how to use method abstraction in program design, how to create your own methods with or without return values, how to invoke a method with or without parameters.

Strategy definition comprises of a technique header and a strategy body.

modifier − It characterizes the entrance sort of the technique and it is discretionary to utilize.

returnType − Strategy might return a worth.

nameOfMethod: The method's name here. The technique signature comprises of the strategy name and the boundary list.

Boundary Rundown − The rundown of boundaries, it is the sort, request, and number of boundaries of a technique. These are discretionary, strategy might contain zero boundaries.

strategy body − The technique body characterizes how the technique manages the assertions.

Example:

modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {

// method body

}

public static int methodName(int a, int b) {

// body

}

Creating Method and Method Calling

Here is the source code of the above characterized technique called min(). This method takes two parameters, n1 and n2, and returns the difference between them that is the smallest. A method can be called either "method returns a value" or "method returns nothing" (no return value).

The course of strategy calling is straightforward. When a program calls a method, control of the program is given to the called method. This called technique then returns control to the guest in two circumstances, when −

the return proclamation is executed.

it arrives at the strategy finishing shutting support.

Example:

public class ExampleMinNumber {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 11;

int b = 6;

int c = minFunction(a, b);

System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + c);

}

/** returns the minimum of two numbers */

public static int minFunction(int n1, int n2) {

int min;

if (n1 > n2)

min = n2;

else

min = n1;

return min;

}

/** the snippet returns the minimum between two numbers */

public static int min(int n1, int n2) {

int min;

if (n1 > n2)

min = n2;

else

min = n1;

return min;

}

The Void Keyword :

the return proclamation is executed.
it arrives at the strategy finishing shutting support.

public class ExampleVoid {

public static void main(String[] args) {

methodRankPoints(255.7);

}

public static void methodRankPoints(double points) {

if (points >= 202.5) {

System.out.println("Rank:A1");

}else if (points >= 122.4) {

System.out.println("Rank:A2");

}else {

System.out.println("Rank:A3");

}

Passing Parameters by Value :

While working under calling process, contentions is to be passed. These ought to be in similar request as their separate boundaries in the strategy determination. Boundaries can be passed by esteem or by reference.

Passing Boundaries by Worth means calling a strategy with a boundary. Through this, the contention esteem is passed to the boundary.

The accompanying project shows an instance of passing boundary by esteem. The upsides of the contentions continues as before even after the technique conjuring.

public class swappingExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 30;

int b = 45;

System.out.println("Before swapping, a = " + a + " and b = " + b);

// Invoke the swap method

swapFunction(a, b);

System.out.println("\n**Now, Before and After swapping values will be same here**:");

System.out.println("After swapping, a = " + a + " and b is " + b);

}

public static void swapFunction(int a, int b) {

System.out.println("Before swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b = " + b);

// Swap n1 with n2

int c = a;

a = b;

b = c;

System.out.println("After swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b = " + b);

}

Before swapping, a = 30 and b = 45

Before swapping(Inside), a = 30 b = 45

After swapping(Inside), a = 45 b = 30

**Now, Before and After swapping values will be same here**:

After swapping, a = 30 and b is 45

Method Overloading:

At the point when a class has at least two techniques by a similar name however various boundaries, it is known as strategy over-burdening.

If, suppose we need to track down the base number of twofold sort. Then, at that point, the idea of over-burdening will be acquainted with make at least two strategies with a similar name however various boundaries.

Over-burdening strategies makes program lucid. Here, two strategies are given by a similar name however with various boundaries. The base number from number and twofold sorts is the outcome

public class ExampleOverloading {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int a = 11;

int b = 6;

double c = 7.3;

double d = 9.4;

int result1 = minFunction(a, b);

// same function name with different parameters

double result2 = minFunction(c, d);

System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + result1);

System.out.println("Minimum Value = " + result2);

}

// for integer

public static int minFunction(int n1, int n2) {

int min;

if (n1 > n2)

min = n2;

else

min = n1;

return min;

}

// for double

public static double minFunction(double n1, double n2) {

double min;

if (n1 > n2)

min = n2;

else

min = n1;

return min;

}

Methods - Using Command-Line Arguments :

In some cases you will need to pass some data into a program when you run it. By supplying main with arguments from the command line, this can be accomplished

An order line contention is the data that straightforwardly follows the program's name on the order line when it is executed. To get to the order line contentions inside a Java program is very simple. In the String array given to main(), they are stored as strings.

public class CommandLine {

public static void main(String args[]) {

for(int i = 0; i<args.length; i++) {

System.out.println("args[" + i + "]: " + args[i]);

}

$java CommandLine this is a command line 200 -100

args[0]: this

args[1]: is

args[2]: a

args[3]: command

args[4]: line

args[5]: 200

args[6]: -100

Understanding Java Data Types: A Comprehensive Guide

BIT Helper (UOM)

Java, a flexible and generally utilized programming language, depends on a powerful arrangement of information types to work with the control of information inside programs. These information types assume a critical part in characterizing the qualities of factors, determining the sort of information they can hold, and impacting the tasks that can be performed on them. In this article, we will dive into the rudiments of Java information types, investigating crude and reference types, their attributes, and their applications.

1. Primitive Data Types:

Java has eight crude information types, which are the most essential structure blocks for addressing information. There are four groups of these types of data

a. Integral Data Types:

i. byte

The byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. It can represent values from -128 to 127.

ii. short

The short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer, covering a range from -32,768 to 32,767.

iii. int

The int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer, suitable for most integer- related computations.

iv. long

The long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer, capable of handling larger integer values.

b. Floating-Point Data Types

i. float

The float data type is a 32-bit single-precision floating-point, suitable for representing decimal values with moderate precision.

ii. double

The double data type is a 64-bit double-precision floating-point, offering higher precision for decimal values.

c. Character Data Type

1.char

The char data type represents a 16-bit Unicode character. It allows the storage and manipulation of individual characters and symbols.

d. Boolean Data Type

1.boolean

The boolean data type has only two possible values: true and false. It is primarily used for logical comparisons and branching.

2. Declaring and Initializing Variables:

In Java, variables must be declared with a specific data type before they can be used.

For example:

int age; // Declaration

age = 25; // Initialization

Variables can also be declared and initialized in a single line:

double pi = 3.14; // Declaration and Initialization

3. Reference Data Types:

While crude information types handle straightforward qualities straightforwardly, reference information types manage more intricate items and give a reference to the article's memory area. Normal instances of reference types include:

a. Objects

In Java, everything is an item, and articles are cases of classes. For instance:

String greeting = "Hello, World!";

Here, String is a class, and greeting is an instance of that class.

4. Type Conversion:

Java upholds both understood and express sort change.

a. Verifiable Sort Transformation (Augmenting)

In specific circumstances, Java consequently changes over more modest information types to bigger ones without unequivocal projecting. For instance:

int smallNumber = 42;

double largerNumber = smallNumber; // Implicit conversion

b. Express Sort Change (Restricting)

While changing over bigger information types to more modest ones, express projecting is required. For instance:

double bigNumber = 123.456;

int smallNumber = (int) bigNumber; // Explicit conversion

5. Type Promotion:

In articulations including various information types, Java performs type advancement to guarantee similarity. The accompanying guidelines are applied:

On the off chance that two qualities have various information types, Java advances the more modest information type to the bigger one preceding playing out the activity.

Assuming that one of the qualities is twofold, the other is changed over completely to twofold.

Assuming one of the qualities is float, the other is changed over completely to drift.

On the off chance that one of the qualities is long, the other is switched over completely to long.

Assuming that one of the qualities is a fundamental sort (byte, short, int), the other is changed over completely to int.

6. End

Understanding Java information types is central to composing viable and solid projects. Whether managing crude or reference types, appropriate usage of information types guarantees exact portrayal and control of information inside your Java applications. As you leave on your programming process, dominating these essential ideas will engage you to make powerful and effective programming arrangements.

This article has given a far reaching outline of Java's essential information types, their qualities, and how they can be utilized in different situations. Outfitted with this information, you are exceptional to explore the complexities of information control in Java and construct hearty applications that satisfy the needs of current programming improvement.

Keep in mind, practice is critical to dominating these ideas. Try different things with various information types, investigate their ways of behaving, and steadily integrate them into your coding collection. As you proceed with your Java process, you'll find that a strong comprehension of information types lays the foundation for further developed programming ideas and methods. Have fun coding!

Unveiling the Power of Java: Understanding Objects and Classes

BIT Helper (UOM)

Introduction:

Ava, one of the top broadly utilized programming languages, has gained enormous popularity for its portability, suppleness, and object-oriented advance . At the heart of Java's object-oriented paradigm lies the idea of objects and classes, that makeup the foundation of its strong and modular architecture . In this article, we'll dig into the globe of Java's object-oriented programming and investigate the importance of objects and classes in constructing scalable and maintainable program .

Objects and Classes in Java:

At its basic, Java is an object-oriented programming (OOP) verbal communication, that is to say it revolves around the idea of objects . An thing is a basic unit in Java, serving a real-world entity or conception . Objects encapsulate information and conduct, offering a modular and systematic way to form programming language . The blueprint for building objects is defined by classes . A course, in Java, represents as a template or blueprint for objects . It encapsulates information subscribers (fields) and methods that clarify the conduct of the objects instantiated from it . Classes act as a blueprint for building many instances of objects, letting for programming language reuse and the implementation of a modular construct .

Encapsulation and Abstraction:

Java's OOP paradigm emphasizes encapsulation, a conception that entails bundling information and methods within a course, restricting entry to the inner details of the course . This encapsulation ensures that the inner assert of an thing is not directly available from exterior the lesson, encouraging information integrity and security . Abstraction is key principle in Java's OOP algorithm . It entails simplifying complicated systems by modeling classes as said by the crucial attributes and behaviors pertinent to the application . Abstraction lets developers to concentrate on the crucial facets of an thing whereas disguising the unnecessary details, making the programming language more controllable and scalable .

Inheritance and Polymorphism:

Java's OOP paradigm emphasizes encapsulation, a conception that entails bundling information and methods within a course, restricting entry to the inner details of the course . This encapsulatioJava supports inheritn ensures that the inner assert of an thing is not directly available from exterior the lesson, encouraging information integrity and security . Abstraction is key principle in Java's OOP system . It entails simplifying complicated systems by modeling classes as said by the crucial attributes and behaviors pertinent to the application . Abstraction lets developers to concentrate on the crucial facets of an thing whereas disguising the unnecessary details, making the programming language more controllable and scalable .

Example:

Let's contemplate a basic instance to exemplify the concepts of objects and classes in Java . imagine we have a lesson named "Car" with traits as an example make, machine, and year, besides methods like start Engine and stop Engine . we may build several instances of the Car course, each serving a particular car with original qualities .

public class Car {

// Data members

String make;

String model;

int year;

// Methods

public void startEngine() {

System.out.println("Engine started");

}

public void stopEngine() {

System.out.println("Engine stopped");

}

// Constructor

public Car(String make, String model, int year) {

this.make = make;

this.model = model;

this.year = year;

}

// Main method for illustration

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Creating instances of the Car class

Car car1 = new Car("Toyota", "Camry", 2022);

Car car2 = new Car("Ford", "Mustang", 2021);

// Accessing methods

car1.startEngine();

car2.stopEngine();

}

Conclusion:

Java's object-oriented advance, with its emphasis on objects and classes, facilitates the growth of modular, reusable, and maintainable application . knowledge the principles of encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism empowers developers to generate strong and scalable applications . By leveraging the potency of objects and classes, Java continues to be a cornerstone in contemporary program advancement, offering a opaque foundation for constructing complicated and effective systems .

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